Well, you might, just, have heard of the first - F. W. Lanchester (1868-1946). Today, his memory is probably kept alive mostly amongst the avid classic-car 'anoraks' who revere his famous, inter-war years and eponymous sports car. Quite right, too, because in 1895, amongst other things, he was the designer and builder of the first 4-wheel car in the UK, plus, he invented disc brakes and all sorts of other automobile gadgets and widgets. You should try and remember him in your prayers the next time you take off in a plane because in the very early days of flying he wrote an extremely learn-ed paper on wing design which stopped planes suddenly falling out of the sky. Don't ask me for the details, only Dr. 'Teabag' would understand them (he does sums, you know!) but it was to do with airflows and turbulence. He was not only a superb and innovative engineer, he was also a physicist and mathematician of the first rank which earned him membership of the Royal Society.
However, I hesitantly suggest that it was in the field of warfare that he made his greatest contribution to the history of ideas. On the outbreak of WWI he became interested in the problems of what was then the new field of aerial combat. He saw what most military commanders already sensed, but without deep understanding, that, all things being equal which they tend to be in aerial warfare, if you can bring to bear on the enemy more weapon systems that he can bring onto you, you will kill more of his forces than he can of yours. So far, so bleedin' obvious, you might say. However, what his mathematical brain worked out was, that if you introduce as a factor the passage of time 'T', and then begin to iterate the equation with 'T' in it, then very quickly the killing ratio becomes huge. This is to simplify a very subtle and complex mathematical equation (which would horrify its author) but suffice to say that Lanchester's Law and its variations, known as the 'N' Square Law, or, the Square Law of Attrition have been, arguably, one of the greatest influences on warfare in the last hundred years. Certainly he can claim to be the Father of the new science of Operational Research which is crucial in every facet of modern warfare. If you 'Google' him you will also come across some highly abstruse papers written by various Heads of Strategy in the big American and Japanese corporations who to this day still use Lanchester's Law as the basis for their marketing operations.
I stumbled over the second of my unknown English 'heroes' only yesterday whilst, as the little 'Memsahib' puts it, "Wasting your time on that blasted computer when you should be doing ............... " (fill in any number of jobs around the house and garden). Anyway, his name is Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) and I bet you haven't heard of him either, unless you're a meteorologist, a psychologist, a fluid dynamicist, a student of war and its causes or a student of Chaos Theory, because he was an important contributor to all of those fields. So, just like Lanchester, he was one of those amazing Victorian polymaths the like of which we no longer seem to produce, instead all we get from our universities these days are teeth-grindingly tedious mono-subject specialists who then mature into fully-fledged fanatical experts determined to boss everyone around.
I instantly warmed to Richardson when I read this quote which ought to be hung above the desks of every scientists in the world:
"Mathematical expressions have, however, their special tendencies to pervert thought: the definiteness may be spurious, existing in the equations but not in the phenomena to be described; and the brevity may be due to the omission of the more important things, simply because they cannot be mathematized : : : . Against these faults we must constantly be on our guard : : : . It will probably be impossible to avoid them entirely, and so they ought to be realized and admitted : : : .”
He was, and remained, a Quaker all of his life but during WWI he volunteered for the Friend's Ambulance Service in which he served with distinction as a driver. After the war he worked for the meteorological office but when Churchill insisted that it be subsumed under RAF control he resigned because throughout his life he would never work on any project with links to the military. Blessed with a gentle humour he is remembered by his fellow fluid dynamicists for this paraphrase of Swift's doggerel: "Big whirls have little whirls to feed on their velocity, and little whirls have lesser whirls and so on to viscosity - in the molecular sense." The writer of the appreciation to which I have linked, Prof. J.C.R. Hunt of the Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge, was a family friend and he relates a charming story of Richardson on holiday with his wife the year the Titanic sank after colliding with an iceberg. Richardson instantly hit on the idea that perhaps a sonar echo-measuring device might avoid similar tragedies. Without further ado he had his wife row him up and down in a dinghy in Seagrove Bay whilst he piped notes on a penny whistle aimed at the nearby pier, and using his umbrella as an amplifier, he measured the time taken for the echo to return. In my view, that's proper science, that is!
Anyway, two very great Englishmen.
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