In my last post I told you that I had spent most of my 'holiday' slogging through Fritz Fischer's magisterial/wrongheaded/authoritative/travesty/truthful/untruthful (delete to taste) but definitely heavy, weighing in at over 600 pages, history of Germany's Aims in the First World War. In it, Fischer with impeccably German thoroughness takes the very many apologists for Germany's guilt in starting and pursuing WWI, and has them put against a wall and shot, er, metaphorically speaking, of course! Honesty impels me to record that I did not read absolutely every one of the 638 pages. I did rather skip and skim across the chapters concerned with the minutae of Balkan geopolitics, and also the finer points of various national interests in the Baltic states - although I did learn something of Finland's history during this period which I found rather interesting. However, I did follow faithfully the main thrust of Fischer's history in which, with the tenacity of a terrier seizing a rat by the throat, he tore again and again into any efforts by anyone to exculpate Germany from the guilt of having deliberately planned, begun and fought the First World War during which they never lost sight of their deeply embedded war aims and ambitions.
Every European of my age holds a deep suspicion about Germany and the Germans despite the fact that whenever you meet them they seem to be very intelligent, polite and pleasant people, and yet . . . and yet . . . they are obviously, and Fischer spells it out, a bunch of complete 'hatters'. And I do not mean just their leadership. In his book, Fischer makes clear that German war aims were enthusiastically supported by the population, and the only organised groups who were luke-warm were the ultra-Leftists who, of course, were equally bonkers but in a different direction! As for their 'glorious leader', he was quite barking:
His naked hatred of 'peridious Albion', of 'that filthy cur, Grey', of 'that filthy nation of grocers' vented itself with elemental violence. 'England drops the mask the moment she thinks we are safely in the corral and done for, so to speak.' [...] 'England alone is responsible for war and peace, not we any more!' The Emperor's notes grow more and more sweeping. Germany is encircled; the war of annihilation has been concerted; Germany is to go under; all this is purposeful 'anti-German world policy' . . .
And so on and on, and all this written on July 30th 1914 as German troops began the invasion of neutral Belgium, a neutrality signed and sealed by Germany itself!
Hitherto, I have approached WWI mostly from the military and naval history of the period. Fischer's book virtually ignores this except where it intrudes in the main course of his desperately tragic tale. The book is solely concerned with the history of the development of German political, strategic and economic policies which began almost immediately after the fall from power of a man who, I am now convinced, was one of the very few sane and intelligent Germans ever to hold power in Germany - Bismarck. As soon as he was gone the lunatics took over the asylum. From my previous knowledge I have always thought the Kaiser was deeply psychotic and encouraged in his psychosis by some prize nutters in the German General Staff, and later, others in the German navy. However, I had never, before reading this book, quite taken on how equally lunatic the German Chancellor, Bethmann Hollweg, and his minions in the Foreign Ministry were as well. The often attested fact that the German system of the time meant that the soldiers and sailors went careering off on their own with their grandiose plans without the necessity of working together with the politicians and the diplomats plays an enormous part in this catastrophe which was 'written in the wind'. The soldiers, the sailors and the politicians each went their own way and only needed the nod of approval from the indolent, vain, boastful, cowardly Kaiser, himself. Not that any of these 'experts' ever disaggreed with the aims, it was just that their variously different methods were never subjected to outside scrutiny. Or, to put it another way, there was never an opportunity for a non-expert to stand up and say loudly and clearly, "This is all bonkers!"
So what were these war aims which the Germans pursued blindly over the cliff to destruction, not once, but twice, because, of course, Hitler's dreams and ambitions in 1939 were no different in substance from Bethmann Hollweg's in 1914? Quite simply it was the construction of a German-dominated mitteleuropa which would be made up of swathes of France, the whole of Belgium, the Baltic states, Poland and most of the Balkans leading down to Turkey and routes into the near east. Their glove-puppet, the Austro-Hungarian 'empire', would eventually be incorporated into this system as underlings but with a modesty veil of purported independence. Whole nations of peoples would be shifted here and there in order to achieve what some German loonies called Kulturlands, that is, areas to be populated by German ethnics. The existing inhabitants would be shifted eastwards to provide 'safety strips' between German mitteleuropa and the dreaded Russians. I have not set down their demands for a German empire in Africa but they were equally ambitious.
Of course, there is a sort of deliciously poisonous irony in all of this which will cause in lovers of irony deep shivers of delight - today, Germany has now achieved by peaceful means more or less most of what it utterly failed to do in 1914-18 and 1939-45:
Arthur von Gwinner, senior Director of the Deutsche Bank [oh yes, the bankers and the magnates were all in it up to their greedy armpits!] who was on friendly terms with Bethmann Hollweg, had similar ideas. When the 'Wednesday Club', an association of leading men from the spheres of politics, economics, and cultural life [or 'experts', as I think of them], held its first wartime meeting in Berlin on September 2, he argued against 'blindly following a policy of annexations', pleading rather for a less conspicuous but all the more effective [my emphasis] course, namely that of 'establishing Germany's economic domination' (in Europe). The Under-Secretary of State, Zimmermann [another 'expert' loonie], thought his ideas so important that he at once sent a copy of the speech to the Chancellor and Jagow in Coblenz, where it arrived in time to be utilised in the September war aims programme.
Today, as Greece, Ireland, Portugal and several other European 'nations' end up in hock (no pun intended) to Germany, does that remind you of anything contemporary by any chance?
Reading Fischer's superb book my previous suspicions have hardened into certainty. The Germans just love 'Big Wheezes', that is, Big Ideas presented to them by experts. During the first few years of the 20th century they had the 'mad monk' idea of von Schlieffen, head of the General Staff (an organisation consisting, as far as I can tell, of an equal number of expert but quite mad monks!), who dreamed of a 'super Cannae' in which the German army would annihilate the French in just 6 weeks! Then there was the equally potty von Tirpitz who thought that his (and the Kaiser's) beloved 'risk fleet' would be so enormous that even if it was slightly smaller than the Royal Navy it would be too big for the Brits to risk a battle. Later, all the German military 'experts' in the General Staff dismissed the entry of the USA because:
Dazzled by confidence in their own strength, the Germans underestimated the economic and organisational capacities of America. Nothing betrays more clearly the convential limitations of the German soldiers' mentality than the fact that they measured America's military force by the strength of her standing army, counted up its cavalry brigades and infantry divisions and ranked it with the armies of Denmark, Holland or Switzerland [my empahsis].
Finally, of course, the 'expert' sailors assured everyone that unrestricted submarine warfare was a really 'Big Idea' that would absolutely and definitely win the war.
History is littered with the corpses of those who suffered from severe psychotic hubris. Alas, they always take so many of the innocent down with them. There are lessons to be learned from this recent history, not just for the Germans but for all of us. The only thing you can bet on is that they will not be learned, or remembered even if they are. And each generation will produce yet another bevy of 'experts' who will tell us, the great unwashed and ignorant, what is going to happen in the future. If you spot one, pelt him with rotten veg!
There may be, indeed, I know there are, historians who dispute Fischer's book, but one thing stands out absolutely clearly from his history and that is the truth of the assertion that it was absolutely essential that Britain fought that war, despite the cost in blood and treasure. Those who argue that it would have been better for us to stay out simply have no idea what Germany intended and the utterly dire consequences which would have flowed if she had succeeded in defeating the French. There is very little to choose between Wilhelm II and Adolph Hitler.
All quotes from Fritz Fischer: German Aims in the First World War
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